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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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If you want to increase libido there are numerous natural supplements on the market that are sold – The problem with most of them is they are sold without medical substantiation and don’t work. The good news there is a proven supplement that does work to increase libido ( in both men and women ) and is backed up by medical testing. It is so effective at increasing libido it is actually referred to as natures Viagra. Let’s look at how and why it works to increase libido. The supplement we are referring to is L-Arginine L-Arginine is a non essential amino acid which is necessary for normal functioning of the pituitary gland. The production of L-Arginine naturally decreases with age and medical research has shown that it is responsible for many degenerative processes that are related to getting older. It also plays an important role in maintaining sexual health and libido. Why it is so important In 1988 researchers discovered that L-argentine’s health benefits were due primarily to its role as a precursor to nitric oxide. L-arginine stimulates the release of nitric oxide from the walls of blood vessels, helping them expand and promoting healthy circulation around the body. Although an important amino acid for overall circulatory health, its real popularity in recent years has been due to its role in increasing libido Why it is important in sexual health L-arginine helps with maintaining sexual health by enhancing healthy blood flow to the penis. The Importance of nitric oxide Nitric oxide is produced in response to arousal messages from the brain; this then triggers the release of nitric acid which causes the smooth muscles of the spongy tissues inside the penis to relax, allowing the tissue to fill with blood and create an erection. The realize of nitric acid is essential to this process and that is why L- Arginine is so effective in increasing libido Low levels of L-Arginine in the body lead to poor sexual functioning and decreased libido, particularly as we get older and taking at it as a supplement can maintain libido as well as having other circulatory benefits . Male sexual health relies on the ability to have enough blood flow to the penis to create an erection and that's the role L- Arginine performs. Medical proof of the benefits of L -Arginine as a supplement for male sexual health Medical tests published in 1994 showed an 80% improvement in the erectile function of men given a dose of 2.8 grams of argentine a day after two weeks Other recent studies have looked at the effect of combining L-Argentine with other supplements to increase libido. Medical testing showed that combining L –Arginine with Pycnogenol with it saw over a 90% success rate, in increasing libido. Other studies have concentrated on combining it with other herbs such as Ginseng and Gingko Bilbao, which have been used for thousands of years in China for increasing libido. Both are known to help with healthy circulation which as we have seen is essential for sexual wellness L-Argintine provides a number of important health benefits in addition to increasing libido and these include: Maintaining normal blood pressure, educing plaque, lowering cholesterol, and the prevention blood clots. Increasing long term memory and olfactory sensations. Reducing and fighting infections. Acting as a general anti aging nutrient. Maintaining healthy blood flow in all areas of the body How much should be taken? There is no established level for L-Arginine supplements, but a “safe dosage” is seen as 2000 -3000 mg's a day. Forget the hype and get a proven supplement! Sure, you can buy supplements that are sold that have great stories about tribes living up the Amazon living to 100 and having active sex lives, but they don’t work and are not backed up any medical evidence L –Arginine is and that’s why it is held in such high regard by users for increasing libido L - Argintine is simply the best supplement for increasing libido go with the facts when trying to increase libido not the hype. vimax penis enlargement excercises plastic surgery penis enargement natural penis elargement pills penis elargement surgery picture cheap penis elargement pills vimax penis enlargement pic before and after penis elargement photo pennis enlargement secret herbal natural penis enlargment

If you are in the process of looking for a wedding photographer, chances are you will soon here the terms: medium format, 35mm, and digital. Those are the three primary types of camera systems currently used by wedding photographers. We, the wedding photographers, have argued amongst ourselves for years as to which camera system is best. The goal of this article is to share information about these types of camera systems and the possible impact they may have on your wedding photographer decision. Medium Format For many years medium format has been the absolute best option. A medium format camera uses film that is 3 times the size of a 35mm negative-- resulting in higher resolution images and beautiful enlargements, however, the cameras and processing costs are very expensive. Primary advantages: high resolution negatives. Previously, the fact that a person owned a Medium Format camera was almost, in and of itself, a sign that they were a true "wedding photographer" (due to the expense of the system). Disadvantages: expensive to operate (film costs are so high that some wedding photography books encourage medium format photographers to limit the photos they take); film can be lost or damaged during processing; slower to focus and operate. 35mm For many years 35mm has had a bad reputation for providing poor quality enlargements -- especially when compared to medium format. However, over the past 10 years the quality of 35mm film has improved tremendously. It is now a common format used by many professional photographers, especially those who use the photojournalistic style and shoot close to a thousand or more images on a wedding day. Primary advantages to 35mm: fast (easy to quickly focus and shoot during), much improved quality of enlargements (many people would have a hard time telling the difference between a 35mm and medium format 8x10 enlargement). Disadvantages: processing film is becoming more and more expensive, and film can be damaged or loss during processing.. Many photographers that shoot film are now having the negatives scanned so that the files become a digital file. Digital Professional digital wedding photography has been a viable option since about the year 2000 (although some would argue that date). The quality of digital cameras has now reached a point where many photographers feel the quality rivals, or even beats, medium format negatives. In fact, many digital wedding photographers used to shoot medium format. Primary digital advantages: instant review of images on the back of the camera; no film and processing costs (although the savings is offset by the additional computer time required to process the digital images); more control over the images (i.e., a slight rotation or cropping of an image is quick and easy with digital but requires a custom print from 35mm or medium format). Disadvantages: technology changes rapidly over time and cameras soon are outdated (although this doesn't necessarily effect you, as the consumer). Memory cards are easier to lose than rolls of film (if your wedding photographer uses a digital camera, ask them how they make sure the photos arrive safely back at the studio). In summary: No matter what you have been told - all three formats can be a viable method for wedding photography. Some might be more expensive than others, but they all can produce good results. Many photographers use several of the camera systems. Some might use medium format for the formals but 35mm for the reception and ceremony coverage. Others will primarily shoot digital, but might bring film cameras as backup equipment. My advice to prospective brides: before signing a contract with a photographer, ask to see sample enlargements that were taken with the same equipment that would be used at your wedding. If you like the quality and color of the images, it doesn't really matter whether 35mm, digital, or a medium format camera was used to record the image! pennis enlargement secret manual penis enlarement exercise does pennis enlargement work homemade penile enlargement vimax male virility sexual enhancement penile enlargement before and after picture buy place vigrx penile enlargment pills product herbal natural penis enlargment

Medical tourism to Eastern Europe is very popular because of the huge savings that people experience when they use the very inexpensive but high quality medical procedures that are available in Eastern Europe. If you would like, or need, any high cost medical procedure, or if your own medical services have a long backlog of people on a waiting list, medical tourism may be just for you. Medical procedures that are very popular subjects for medical tourism are liposuction, plastic surgery, breast enlargement, dental surgery, laser eye correction surgery and asthma cures. The first thing about medical tourism that catches attention is the relative cost of care. Here are some comparative costs: Liposuction of fat from the inner thighs cost about $3,300 in Poland as compared to about $12,300 in Germany. Breast enlargement starts at around $3,200 in Poland as compared to between $6,150 and $9,800 in Germany. A nose job costs $2,000 to $2,500 in Poland, $4,900 to $7,400 in Germany. And dental work is very inexpensive also. For example, a crown, which would cost between $1000 and $1500 in Western Europe, runs only about $300 in Eastern Europe, at an up-market dental office, fashioned by a master ceramicist. Most work is guaranteed for 3 to 5 years. Because of these low costs, medical tourism provides an alternative source of medical treatment for people who are not able to get timely medical treatment due to long waiting lists. And it allows people to undergo elective medical procedures that they otherwise could not afford. The second question that comes up is, “What about the quality of care?” And the answer to that is that it is very high quality. Not only are the medical practitioners who serve the medical tourism travelers well trained in their own countries, many of them have been trained in medical and dental schools in the United States and Western Europe. Beyond that, companies that specialize in arranging medical tourism screen the practitioners and refer people only to the best. As it turns out, the major source of new clients for the medical tourism agencies is referrals from satisfied people who have use the services of these medical practitioners in Eastern Europe. Such referrals come from people who are more than satisfied and who are often very excited about sharing their medical tourism experiences with others. Because most of the procedures require treatment over time, the medical tourism agencies make arrangements for stays in nice, but low cost apartments or hotels, and make arrangements for sightseeing and other activities. So patients are kept active in the time that they wait between steps in a procedure. For example, many people choose to go to one of the underground salt chambers for asthma treatment. Because the treatment is rendered over time, the people managing the asthma treatment chambers have complete social and tour programs laid out for their patients. Likewise, there are many weight loss clinics where people undergo a two week physical and psychological weight loss course. The days of the course attendees are filled with activities and tours to attractions. Post treatment surveys show that people rave as much or more about the activities and tours as they do the treatment. It is neither the purpose of this article nor its it possible to tell you about all the possibilities available to you for medical tourism. But we hope that we have highlighted enough for you to do further research to find a solution to a problem that you or one of your loved ones can have cured inexpensively, in short order and under pleasant conditions. © 2005 Gary Granai. You are free to use material from this article in whole or in part, as long as you include complete attribution, including live web site links, do not edit the article in any way, give proper author credit by including the information about the author as shown in this page and follow all of the Go Articles Guidelines For Publishers. Attribution should read, Gary Granai is the Director of The Poland Chamber, Inc, that maintains a web site with information about Poland And Eastern Europe at Master Page natural penis enlargement vigrx enhancement forum magna rx free magna rx penis elargement fact penis enlargement surgeries penile enlargement surgery magna rx pill herbal natural penis enlargment

Breasts are one the major identity features of the women and all women are concerned about this area and many want a breast enlargement operation. Until now many have been put off by the cost, but the cost of breast enlargement has recently fallen dramatically in price. This article is all about getting the operation of your dreams at a cost that may well surprise you. This is due to the emergence of medical tourism, cutting costs by 50% or more. Cutting the cost of breast enlargement Medical tourism is simply traveling to another country to have the operation done and with the cost of international travel cheaper than ever, so you can travel have the operation get a free holiday and possibly still have money left over. The leading destination for medical tourism is India, where it has emerged as a multi billion pound industry. Consider that a breast enlargement operation can cost up to £3,500 in the UK or $8,000 in the US, yet in India the cost saving is 60% or more and you can see why people are traveling to have this operation done. Other advantages include a free holiday! If you have never thought about combining your holiday with your medical treatment you should, as the cost savings are huge and you get a free vacation as well! Are the operations of high quality? Yes, breast enhancement operations are of a high standard, costs are cheaper simply because local infrastructure costs are lower. High costs in Europe and the US Simply mean they cannot compete with Indian surgeries. A more sexy womanly look can be yours Breast reshaping surgery is now the most commonly performed cosmetic surgery in the west. We have focused on breast enlargement here but there are a number of operations that can be carried out via medical tourism in India Major reasons for surgery normally are: • Small size of breasts • Drooping breasts especially after child bearing. • Unequal or different sized breasts • Breast volume restoration after removal of breasts as in cancer Breast augmentation, breast implants There are many ways to perform breast enlargement. The method is tailored to each individual patient needs. The principal is to create a pocket under the breast tissue and place an implant into this pocket, increasing the size. The breast enlargement operation is done under local anesthetic (you are awake) or general anesthetic (you are asleep). Look and feel better instantly Increasing the size of breasts and upliftment gives a fantastic feeling of satisfaction to women. It enhances appearance and boosts confidence and self esteem. Depending upon the size of the implant there is one or more increase in the cup size for a bigger and more striking breast look. There are many medical tourism destinations but India has emerged as the leading nation due to unbeatable cost, quality treatment and the ability to see one of the most beautiful countries on earth. Arranging the operation is easy! Packages are easy to arrange and there are specialist companies who will make all the necessary arrangements for you, then its time for your operation and the chance to sample the holiday of a lifetime. More and more women are seeking breast enlargement operations in India and if you are thinking of having this operation done its time to consider a medical tourism package to India.